Joyce Lee
Uduakmfon Udo
PHSC 101
2/25/99
Group Project: Heat Transfer and Thermodynamics
Annotated Bibliography
Demonstrations/Experiments
Leeming, Joseph. The Real Book of Science Experiments. Garden City, New York: Garden City Books, 1954.
-Description of source: This book stresses the fact that Science is not only for the classroom, but science exists in our everyday lives. Thus, its materials are found in everyday life and the procedures of the experiments are easier and simple to follow. There are a total of ten experiments in the chapter on Heat. The book gives a short introduction at the beginning of the chapter about heat in general. This book includes illustrations of the experiment setup. Each experiment is also clearly described and the book also provides a brief explanation of what just happened in the experiment. This book is suitable for Middle school and Junior high ages. Caution should be taken due to the fact that these experiments involve flames.
-Description: A Test tube is filled with water and ice is placed at the bottom. A flame is held at the top of the test tube. The water at the top of the test tube will boil, but the ice will not be melted.
-The scientific principle illustrated by this demonstration is that water is a poor conductor of heat. Another scientific principle that was illustrated was that the water absorbed heat from the candle. Thus, showing that heat can be transferred. The fact that the water in the top of the test tube boiled shows that the water absorbed the heat from the flame. And the fact that it is still possible to hold the other end of the test tube demonstrates the poor conductivity of the water. Children should be carefulthis experiment involves Bunsen Burners.
-This demonstration is effective because it is simple, possible to do, the directions were clearly understood, and it successfully demonstrates the principle.
-Description: Light a candle let it burn. Then, take a copper wire and coil it. Carefully, place the coil over the flame. The flame will be extinguished.
-This demonstration illustrates how efficiently some metals conduct heat. This experiment demonstrated the conductivity of copper. This illustrated that the copper absorbed the heat from the flame.
-This experiment was quite effective in demonstrating its scientific principle because it caused the students to think. The copper wire is not a solid block of matter. Rather, it is a coil of wire. So, students logically conclude that there is still constant air supply, allowing the flame to continue burning. But seeing that the flame really was extinguished makes the students want to learn the explanation, thus solving the puzzle for them. Children should be careful due to the involvement of a flame in this experiment.
UNESCO. 700 Science Experiments for Everyone. New York, New York: Double Day and Company, Inc., 1958.
-Description: This resource is a compilation of seven hundred experiments of every kind. Each experiment is pretty short and simple, although not all materials are found in your home. Most experiments are accompanied by illustrations that are very helpful. Experiments range from simple to quite difficult. This book does not include explanations for what happened in the experiment. It only contains the instructions for the experiment. I recommend it to students in high school levels and college students. Even professors should do some experiments from here also. These experiments will boost your knowledge of Science. Some of the vocabulary such as: conglomerate, metamorphic and rheostat might be for students in university levels, but a studious junior in high school should not let that stop him.
-Description: A metal gauze is held in a flame, but the flame does not come through the screen because the heat is conducted away from the flame by the wires.
-The scientific principle illustrated by this experiment is that metal conducts heat.
-This experiment is effective because you see that the flame only burns above the wire. The wire conducts the heat away, thus preventing the gas below the screen from reaching its kindling temperature.
-Description: In this experiment we are suppose to put three similar medicine bottles with corks and tubes. Then fill them with different liquids and immerse them in a pan of hot water. The rise inside the tubes will indicate the difference expansion speed.
-I recommend this experiment to any college student or high school student who wants to understand more about the expansion of metals when heated.
5. EXPANSION OF SOLIDS WHEN HEATED
Description: In this experiment, we are supposed to heat the head of a screw and then try to fit it into screw eye. Before heating, the head of the screw did fit into the screw eye. Notice the effects after heating the screw head. It will not fit because the hot metal expanded.
-This experiment is manageable. It will show the fact that solids expand when they are heated.
-Description: Fill a jar with water. Drop paper particles and give it time to settle to the bottom. Once settled, place a Bunsen burner underneath the jar and let the water boil. Observe the motion of the paper particles.
-The scientific principle illustrated by this experiment is that heat is transmitted by convection, which is heat transfer by the motion of the fluid by currents.
-This experiment is effective because the paper particles are settled on the bottom before boiling. While the jar of water is heated, the paper particles show the path of the currents. This shows that heat is transmitted in fluids by currents.
-Description: A piece of paper, with a metal coin placed on top of it, is placed above a candle flame. The metal conducts the heat from the flame away, preventing the paper from charring at the location of the metal coin.
-The scientific principle which was illustrated in this experiment was that metal is a good conductor of heat.
-This demonstration is effective in demonstrating the scientific principle because a pattern of the coin is left on the paper, proving that only the place where the coin was placed remained uncharred.
8. THERMAL CREEPER
-Description: In this experiment we are supposed to observe that lead roofs expand and contrasts also. And this leads to it creeping up and down.
-These experiments may seem like they do not really have a lot to do with conduction of heat but they actually do.
9. A DEVICE TO MEASURE RATE OR EXPANSION
-This is effective because it helps us to know what kind of materials to use when we apply this to a real life experiment.
10. TRIANGLE TO SHOW EXPANSION OF HEAT
-This experiment is effective because it helps us to witness again that metal is a very good conductor of heat.
GENERAL RESOURCES
1) Abruscato, Joseph (et al.). Science. Austin, Texas: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1989.
-Description: This book is more based on the concept of heat instead of the specifics of heat. It mentions the uses of solar energy to heat homes, to make electricity, to heat the earth. Concentrates on Celsius and Fahrenheit thermometers. This book is geared towards 3rd to 4th graders.
-This book is successful in introducing the general uses and purpose of heat. But it is lacking in the area of heat transfer. There is no mention of faster moving molecules or conduction, convection, or radiant energy. The pictures apply only to the thermometers, and the uses of heat.
-Description: The Science book called Doubleday Pictorial Library of Science did not relate the section on heat and thermodynamics as clearly as the other books I looked into. It took me over one hundred and twelve seconds to locate the section on heat. I finally found it under the section called MOLECULES IN MOTION. The titles underneath it were: three states of matter, Temperature and heat, Effects of heat, How heat travels, Hidden heat, Very low temperatures, Heat and work, boilers and furnaces, and Molecules in motion -- data. This whole section took eighteen pages. This book covered subjects in Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy.
-This book contained the most brain-exercising material. I would term it a post-graduate science textbook or for juniors and seniors in universities. Though the chapter was written in eighteen pages it contained the most compact ideas of heat energy. The terms used were made of post high school vocabulary too. For example: spherical, sleve, crystallized, nichrome, latent and combustion.
-The book was very educative. I recommend the book. This book expanded on the examples a lot. It covered a lot of material. As expected, the section on heat was very detailed also. It talked a lot about how heat starts machines and at the other extreme it gave a detailed description on molecules. This section also included a description on low temperatures.
3) Cohen, Michael R. (et al.). Science. Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1986.
-Description: This book contains activities for the child to do at home. Tables, diagrams, illustrations, and "Do You Know" information pages in which the relationship between heat and everyday machines are examined, are also included in this book. The book defines Heat and Temperature and explains that heat causes objects to expand, while cooling causes it to contract. This book also includes conduction, convection, and radiant energy. The illustrations and examples are geared more towards upper elementary grades, like a 5th grader. Illustrations are based more on molecules and atoms instead of just the concept of expansion.
-This text has accomplished its goals. The illustrations connect with the lesson, and serve to explain the concept further. Differences between conduction, convection, and radiant energy are clearly understood.
4) Gega, Peter C. Science in Elementary Education. San Diego State University, New York, 1986
-Description: In the textbook, the subject of heat was dealt with in chapter eight. The opening paragraph in the heat section was very attractive in the sense that it gave a purpose as to why we are studying this. Quote, "The rising cost of fuels has made people realize that knowing about heat energy has economic as well as scientific value. This chapter considers (1) what happens when materials are heated and cooled (2) how materials change state, (3) the difference between heat and temperature, and (4) how heat travels. Some of the subtitles of this chapter were Differences in Cohesion, Heat Loss and Gain, What Pressure Does, From Solar to Heat Energy and Solar Heating for Homes.. They said how additional energy is needed for liquid molecules to spread themselves faraway from each other and how those molecules need to be faster before they can be come gas molecules. They also informed us about how heat is absorbed. Quote, "Heat is absorbed from whatever accessible substance is warmer than the changing material."
-The information available was definitely on a college level. One thing among many others that makes me say so were the vocabularies used. Here are some of them: subdivision, duplicated, intermingling, erratically, cohesion, cohesive and tempera. Surely this was a good source to learn about heat sources and the transfer of it (thermodynamics). Since this book was good for this subject then I am sure it was good for the whole book. The author Peter C. Gega even included experiments for younger and older children to perform.
5) Mallinson, George B. (et al.). Science: Centennial Edition.. Morristown, NJ: Silver Burdett Company, 1985.
-Description: This textbook contains one chapter on the subject of Heat. This textbook has a pleasant mix of text and illustrations. Some illustrations are pictures, while others are diagrams showing the inner layers of objects and explain how they work. This particular chapter contains two simple labs that deal with the question: "What fabrics make good insulators?" And "Can glass trap heat form the Sun?" This textbook deals with heat verses temperature, and teaches that in hot substances, particles move faster than the particles in cold substances. This chapter discusses Celsius units and the freezing points and boiling points of water. This chapter also discusses how heat moves through solid matter. It discusses conduction and gives examples of conduction. This chapter also discusses insulators, and conductors, convection, and radiation. The end of this chapter has a nice two page Review Section that involves "fill-in-the-blank", "Matching", and "Drawing". This book is suitable for 3rd graders.
-This text did a very nice job of completely teaching its principles. The key terms were discussed along with applying examples and explanations. The illustrations do a remarkable job in aiding the learner.